Mouse anti-Human/Mouse/Rat ATM Monoclonal Antibody

Function

Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon double strand breaks (DSBs), apoptosis and genotoxic stresses such as ionizing ultraviolet A light (UVA), thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor (PubMed:10550055, PubMed:10839545, PubMed:10910365, PubMed:12556884, PubMed:14871926, PubMed:15064416, PubMed:15448695, PubMed:15456891, PubMed:15790808, PubMed:15916964, PubMed:17923702, PubMed:21757780, PubMed:24534091, PubMed:27941124, PubMed:35076389, PubMed:9733514). Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q (PubMed:10550055, PubMed:10839545, PubMed:10910365, PubMed:12556884, PubMed:14871926, PubMed:15448695, PubMed:15456891, PubMed:15916964, PubMed:17923702, PubMed:24534091, PubMed:27941124, PubMed:9733514). Phosphorylates 'Ser-139' of histone variant H2AX at double strand breaks (DSBs), thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism (By similarity). Also plays a role in pre-B cell allelic exclusion, a process leading to expression of a single immunoglobulin heavy chain allele to enforce clonality and monospecific recognition by the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) expressed on individual B-lymphocytes. After the introduction of DNA breaks by the RAG complex on one immunoglobulin allele, acts by mediating a repositioning of the second allele to pericentromeric heterochromatin, preventing accessibility to the RAG complex and recombination of the second allele. Also involved in signal transduction and cell cycle control. May function as a tumor suppressor. Necessary for activation of ABL1 and SAPK. Phosphorylates DYRK2, CHEK2, p53/TP53, FBXW7, FANCD2, NFKBIA, BRCA1, CREBBP/CBP, RBBP8/CTIP, FBXO46, MRE11, nibrin (NBN), RAD50, RAD17, PELI1, TERF1, UFL1, RAD9, UBQLN4, UCHL3 and DCLRE1C (PubMed:10550055, PubMed:10766245, PubMed:10802669, PubMed:10839545, PubMed:10910365, PubMed:10973490, PubMed:11375976, PubMed:12086603, PubMed:15456891, PubMed:19965871, PubMed:21757780, PubMed:24534091, PubMed:26240375, PubMed:26774286, PubMed:27941124, PubMed:30171069, PubMed:30612738, PubMed:30886146, PubMed:30952868, PubMed:38128537, PubMed:9733515, PubMed:9843217). May play a role in vesicle and/or protein transport. Could play a role in T-cell development, gonad and neurological function. Plays a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation. Binds DNA ends. Phosphorylation of DYRK2 in nucleus in response to genotoxic stress prevents its MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome degradation (PubMed:19965871). Phosphorylates ATF2 which stimulates its function in DNA damage response (PubMed:15916964). Phosphorylates ERCC6 which is essential for its chromatin remodeling activity at DNA double-strand breaks (PubMed:29203878). Phosphorylates TTC5/STRAP at 'Ser-203' in the cytoplasm in response to DNA damage, which promotes TTC5/STRAP nuclear localization (PubMed:15448695). Also involved in pexophagy by mediating phosphorylation of PEX5: translocated to peroxisomes in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), and catalyzes phosphorylation of PEX5, promoting PEX5 ubiquitination and induction of pexophagy (PubMed:26344566)

Subcellular Location

Nucleus; Cytoplasmic vesicle; Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome; Peroxisome matrix

Disease Association

Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) : A rare recessive disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, dilation of the blood vessels in the conjunctiva and eyeballs, immunodeficiency, growth retardation and sexual immaturity. Patients have a strong predisposition to cancer; about 30% of patients develop tumors, particularly lymphomas and leukemias. Cells from affected individuals are highly sensitive to damage by ionizing radiation and resistant to inhibition of DNA synthesis following irradiation. [The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry] | [Defects in ATM may contribute to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (TALL) and T-prolymphocytic leukemia (TPLL). TPLL is characterized by a high white blood cell count, with a predominance of prolymphocytes, marked splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, skin lesions and serous effusion. The clinical course is highly aggressive, with poor response to chemotherapy and short survival time. TPLL occurs both in adults as a sporadic disease and in younger AT patients] | [Defects in ATM may contribute to B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (BNHL), including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)] | [Defects in ATM may contribute to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL). BCLL is the commonest form of leukemia in the elderly. It is characterized by the accumulation of mature CD5+ B-lymphocytes, lymphadenopathy, immunodeficiency and bone marrow failure]

Tissue Specificity

Found in pancreas, kidney, skeletal muscle, liver, lung, placenta, brain, heart, spleen, thymus, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon and leukocytes

Subunit

Homodimer (PubMed:12556884, PubMed:15790808, PubMed:28508083). Dimers or tetramers in inactive state (PubMed:12556884, PubMed:15790808, PubMed:28508083). On DNA damage, autophosphorylation dissociates ATM into monomers rendering them catalytically active (PubMed:12556884, PubMed:28508083). Binds p53/TP53, ABL1, BRCA1 and TERF1 (PubMed:15790808, PubMed:9168117, PubMed:9843217). Interacts with NBN (via FxF/Y motif) (PubMed:35076389). Part of the BRCA1-associated genome surveillance complex (BASC), which contains BRCA1, MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, ATM, BLM, PMS2 and the RAD50-MRE11-NBN protein complex (PubMed:10783165). This association could be a dynamic process changing throughout the cell cycle and within subnuclear domains (PubMed:10783165). Interacts with RAD17; DNA damage promotes the association (PubMed:11418864). Interacts with EEF1E1; the interaction, induced on DNA damage, up-regulates TP53 (PubMed:15680327). Interacts with KAT8, NABP2, ATMIN and CEP164 (PubMed:15923642, PubMed:17525732, PubMed:18283122, PubMed:18449195). Interacts with AP2B1 and AP3B2; the interaction occurs in cytoplasmic vesicles (By similarity). Interacts with TELO2 and TTI1 (PubMed:20427287, PubMed:20801936, PubMed:20810650). Interacts with DDX1 (PubMed:18710941). Interacts with BRAT1 (PubMed:22977523). Interacts with CYREN (via XLF motif) (By similarity). Interacts (via microbody targeting signal) with PEX5; promoting translocation to peroxisomes in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:26344566)

• Savitsky K. et al. The complete sequence of the coding region of the ATM gene reveals similarity to cell cycle regulators in different species. — Hum. Mol. Genet. (1995)
• Vorechovsky I. et al. The ATM gene and susceptibility to breast cancer: analysis of 38 breast tumors reveals no evidence for mutation. — Cancer Res. (1996)
• Platzer M. et al. Ataxia-telangiectasia locus: sequence analysis of 184 kb of human genomic DNA containing the entire ATM gene. — Genome Res. (1997)
• Taylor T.D. et al. Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification. — Nature (2006)
• Mural R.J. et al. PubMed: CI-5GBDQ6B103N1E (JUL-)
• PubMed: CI-9GAL9GH7V57OH (JAN-)
• Byrd P.J. et al. Mutations revealed by sequencing the 5' half of the gene for ataxia telangiectasia. — Hum. Mol. Genet. (1996)
• Savitsky K. et al. Ataxia-telangiectasia: structural diversity of untranslated sequences suggests complex post-transcriptional regulation of ATM gene expression. — Nucleic Acids Res. (1997)