Recombinant Human AP-2 complex subunit mu (AP2M1)

Function

Component of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) (PubMed:12694563, PubMed:12952941, PubMed:14745134, PubMed:14985334, PubMed:15473838, PubMed:31104773). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways (PubMed:12694563, PubMed:12952941, PubMed:14745134, PubMed:14985334, PubMed:15473838, PubMed:31104773). Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation (PubMed:12694563, PubMed:12952941, PubMed:14745134, PubMed:14985334, PubMed:15473838, PubMed:31104773). AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome (PubMed:12694563, PubMed:12952941, PubMed:14745134, PubMed:14985334, PubMed:15473838, PubMed:31104773). The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components (PubMed:12694563, PubMed:12952941, PubMed:14745134, PubMed:14985334, PubMed:15473838, PubMed:31104773). Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes are considered to be the major clathrin adaptors contributing the CCV formation (PubMed:12694563, PubMed:12952941, PubMed:14745134, PubMed:14985334, PubMed:15473838, PubMed:31104773). AP-2 also serves as a cargo receptor to selectively sort the membrane proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis (PubMed:16581796). AP-2 seems to play a role in the recycling of synaptic vesicle membranes from the presynaptic surface (PubMed:12694563, PubMed:12952941, PubMed:14745134, PubMed:14985334, PubMed:15473838, PubMed:31104773). AP-2 recognizes Y-X-X-[FILMV] (Y-X-X-Phi) and [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] endocytosis signal motifs within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules (By similarity). AP-2 may also play a role in maintaining normal post-endocytic trafficking through the ARF6-regulated, non-clathrin pathway (PubMed:19033387). During long-term potentiation in hippocampal neurons, AP-2 is responsible for the endocytosis of ADAM10 (PubMed:23676497). The AP-2 mu subunit binds to transmembrane cargo proteins; it recognizes the Y-X-X-Phi motifs (By similarity). The surface region interacting with to the Y-X-X-Phi motif is inaccessible in cytosolic AP-2, but becomes accessible through a conformational change following phosphorylation of AP-2 mu subunit at Thr-156 in membrane-associated AP-2 (PubMed:11877457). The membrane-specific phosphorylation event appears to involve assembled clathrin which activates the AP-2 mu kinase AAK1 (PubMed:11877457). Plays a role in endocytosis of frizzled family members upon Wnt signaling (By similarity)

Subcellular Location

Cell membrane; Membrane, coated pit (Peripheral membrane protein)

Disease Association

Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 60, with seizures (MRD60) : An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by global developmental delay apparent in the first six months of life, followed by onset of seizures between 21 months and 4 years. Disease features include moderate-to-severe intellectual disability, poor speech, delayed walking, and ataxia. [The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry]

Tissue Specificity

Expressed in the brain (at protein level)

Subunit

Adapter protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type subunit AP2A1 or AP2A2 and beta-type subunit AP2B1), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP2M1) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP2S1) (By similarity). Interacts with ATP6V1H and MEGF10 (PubMed:12032142, PubMed:17643423). Interacts with EGFR and TTGN1 (By similarity). Interacts with F2R (PubMed:16581796). Interacts with PIP5K1C; tyrosine phosphorylation of PIP5K1C weakens the interaction (By similarity). Interacts with KIAA0319; required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis of KIAA0319 (PubMed:19419997). Interacts with DVL2 (via DEP domain) (By similarity). Interacts with KCNQ1; mediates estrogen-induced internalization via clathrin-coated vesicles (PubMed:23529131). Interacts with P2RX4 (via internalization motif) (By similarity). Together with AP2A1 or AP2A2 and AP2B1, it interacts with ADAM10; this interaction facilitates ADAM10 endocytosis from the plasma membrane during long-term potentiation in hippocampal neurons (PubMed:23676497). Probably interacts with ACE2 (via endocytic sorting signal motif); the interaction is inhibited by ACE2 phosphorylation (PubMed:33436498). Interacts with RALBP1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:10910768). Interacts with TMEM106B (via N-terminus) (PubMed:25066864)

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