Recombinant Human Transcriptional repressor CTCF (CTCF), partial Protein

Function

Chromatin binding factor that binds to DNA sequence specific sites and regulates the 3D structure of chromatin (PubMed:16949368, PubMed:18347100, PubMed:18654629, PubMed:19322193). Binds together strands of DNA, thus forming chromatin loops, and anchors DNA to cellular structures, such as the nuclear lamina (PubMed:18347100, PubMed:18654629, PubMed:19322193). Defines the boundaries between active and heterochromatic DNA via binding to chromatin insulators, thereby preventing interaction between promoter and nearby enhancers and silencers (PubMed:18347100, PubMed:18654629, PubMed:19322193). Participates in the allele-specific gene expression at the imprinted IGF2/H19 gene locus (PubMed:16107875, PubMed:16815976, PubMed:17827499). On the maternal allele, binding within the H19 imprinting control region (ICR) mediates maternally inherited higher-order chromatin conformation to restrict enhancer access to IGF2 (By similarity). Mediates interchromosomal association between IGF2/H19 and WSB1/NF1 and may direct distant DNA segments to a common transcription factory (By similarity). Regulates asynchronous replication of IGF2/H19 (By similarity). Plays a critical role in gene silencing over considerable distances in the genome (By similarity). Preferentially interacts with unmethylated DNA, preventing spreading of CpG methylation and maintaining methylation-free zones (PubMed:18413740). Inversely, binding to target sites is prevented by CpG methylation (PubMed:18413740). Plays an important role in chromatin remodeling (PubMed:18413740). Can dimerize when it is bound to different DNA sequences, mediating long-range chromatin looping (PubMed:12191639). Causes local loss of histone acetylation and gain of histone methylation in the beta-globin locus, without affecting transcription (PubMed:12191639). When bound to chromatin, it provides an anchor point for nucleosomes positioning (PubMed:12191639). Seems to be essential for homologous X-chromosome pairing (By similarity). May participate with Tsix in establishing a regulatable epigenetic switch for X chromosome inactivation (PubMed:11743158). May play a role in preventing the propagation of stable methylation at the escape genes from X-inactivation (PubMed:11743158). Involved in sister chromatid cohesion (PubMed:12191639). Associates with both centromeres and chromosomal arms during metaphase and required for cohesin localization to CTCF sites (PubMed:18550811). Plays a role in the recruitment of CENPE to the pericentromeric/centromeric regions of the chromosome during mitosis (PubMed:26321640). Acts as a transcriptional repressor binding to promoters of vertebrate MYC gene and BAG1 gene (PubMed:18413740, PubMed:8649389, PubMed:9591631). Also binds to the PLK and PIM1 promoters (PubMed:12191639). Acts as a transcriptional activator of APP (PubMed:9407128). Regulates APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster and controls MHC class II gene expression (PubMed:18347100, PubMed:19322193). Plays an essential role in oocyte and preimplantation embryo development by activating or repressing transcription (By similarity). Seems to act as tumor suppressor (PubMed:12191639)

Subcellular Location

Nucleus, nucleoplasm; Chromosome; Chromosome, centromere

Disease Association

Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 21 (MRD21) : A disorder characterized by significantly below average general intellectual functioning associated with impairments in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period. Additional MRD21 features include short stature, microcephaly, and developmental delay. [The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry]

Tissue Specificity

Ubiquitous. Absent in primary spermatocytes

Subunit

Interacts with CHD8 (PubMed:16949368). Interacts with LLPH (By similarity). Interacts with CENPE (PubMed:26321640). Interacts with BRD2; promoting BRD2 recruitment to chromatin (By similarity)

• Filippova G.N. et al. An exceptionally conserved transcriptional repressor, CTCF, employs different combinations of zinc fingers to bind diverged promoter sequences of avian and mammalian c-myc oncogenes. — Mol. Cell. Biol. (1996)
• Filippova G.N. et al. A widely expressed transcription factor with multiple DNA sequence specificity, CTCF, is localized at chromosome segment 16q22.1 within one of the smallest regions of overlap for common deletions in breast and prostate cancers. — Genes Chromosomes Cancer (1998)
• Filippova G.N. et al. Tumor-associated zinc finger mutations in the CTCF transcription factor selectively alter its DNA-binding specificity. — Cancer Res. (2002)
• Kalnine N. et al. Cloning of human full-length CDSs in BD Creator(TM) system donor vector. (AUG-)
• Totoki Y. et al. Homo sapiens protein coding cDNA. (MAR-)
• Martin J. et al. The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16. — Nature (2004)
• Mural R.J. et al. PubMed: CI-5GBDQ6B103N1E (JUL-)
• The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). — Genome Res. (2004)