Recombinant Human C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) (Active)

Function

Pro-inflammatory cytokine that is involved in a wide variety of processes such as chemotaxis, differentiation, and activation of peripheral immune cells, regulation of cell growth, apoptosis and modulation of angiostatic effects (PubMed:11157474, PubMed:22652417, PubMed:7540647). Plays thereby an important role during viral infections by stimulating the activation and migration of immune cells to the infected sites (By similarity). Mechanistically, binding of CXCL10 to the CXCR3 receptor activates G protein-mediated signaling and results in downstream activation of phospholipase C-dependent pathway, an increase in intracellular calcium production and actin reorganization (PubMed:12750173, PubMed:19151743). In turn, recruitment of activated Th1 lymphocytes occurs at sites of inflammation (PubMed:12663757, PubMed:12750173). Activation of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis also plays an important role in neurons in response to brain injury for activating microglia, the resident macrophage population of the central nervous system, and directing them to the lesion site. This recruitment is an essential element for neuronal reorganization (By similarity)

Subcellular Location

Secreted

Tissue Specificity

Mainly secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells as well as fibroblasts. Expressed by epithelial cells in thymus (PubMed:11157474). Microglial cells produce CXCL10 in response to viral stimulation (PubMed:12663757)

Subunit

Monomer, dimer, and tetramer (PubMed:12737818). Interacts with CXCR3 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:19151743)

• Luster A.D. et al. Gamma-interferon transcriptionally regulates an early-response gene containing homology to platelet proteins. — Nature (1985)
• The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). — Genome Res. (2004)
• Proost P. et al. Identification of a novel granulocyte chemotactic protein (GCP-2) from human tumor cells. In vitro and in vivo comparison with natural forms of GRO, IP-10, and IL-8. — J. Immunol. (1993)
• Angiolillo A.L. et al. Human interferon-inducible protein 10 is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in vivo. — J. Exp. Med. (1995)
• Loetscher M. et al. Chemokine receptor specific for IP10 and mig: structure, function, and expression in activated T-lymphocytes. — J. Exp. Med. (1996)
• Tensen C.P. et al. Human IP-9: a keratinocyte derived high affinity CXC-chemokine ligand for the IP-10/Mig receptor (CXCR3). — J. Invest. Dermatol. (1999)
• Hensbergen P.J. et al. Processing of natural and recombinant CXCR3-targeting chemokines and implications for biological activity. — Eur. J. Biochem. (2001)
• Romagnani P. et al. Interferon-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by interferon gamma, and interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant are produced by thymic epithelial cells and attract T-cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta+ CD8+ single-positive T cells, TCRgammadelta+ T cells, and natural killer-type cells in human thymus. — Blood (2001)