Recombinant Mouse Stromal cell-derived factor 1 protein (Cxcl12)

Function

Chemoattractant active on T-lymphocytes and monocytes but not neutrophils (By similarity). Activates the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 to induce a rapid and transient rise in the level of intracellular calcium ions and chemotaxis (By similarity). Also binds to atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3, which activates the beta-arrestin pathway and acts as a scavenger receptor for CXCL12/SDF-1 (By similarity). Binds to the allosteric site (site 2) of integrins and activates integrins ITGAV:ITGB3, ITGA4:ITGB1 and ITGA5:ITGB1 in a CXCR4-independent manner (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of monocyte migration and a negative regulator of monocyte adhesion via the LYN kinase (By similarity). Stimulates migration of monocytes and T-lymphocytes through its receptors, CXCR4 and ACKR3, and decreases monocyte adherence to surfaces coated with ICAM-1, a ligand for beta-2 integrins (By similarity). CXCR4 signaling axis inhibits beta-2 integrin LFA-1 mediated adhesion of monocytes to ICAM-1 through LYN kinase (By similarity). Plays a protective role after myocardial infarction (By similarity). Induces down-regulation and internalization of ACKR3 expressed in various cells (By similarity). Has several critical functions during embryonic development; required for B-cell lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis in bone marrow and heart ventricular septum formation (PubMed:8757135). Stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow-derived B-cell progenitors in the presence of IL7 as well as growth of stromal cell-dependent pre-B-cells (PubMed:8134392)

Subcellular Location

Secreted

Tissue Specificity

Highest expression levels detected in kidney, liver, spleen and muscle. Isoform Alpha is expressed ubiquitously but at varying levels, while isoform Beta displays tissue-specific expression, with expression detected in kidney, liver, heart, spleen and muscle but not in lung, colon, brain, skin and stomach

Subunit

Monomer or homodimer; in equilibrium. Dimer formation is induced by non acidic pH and the presence of multivalent anions, and by binding to CXCR4 or heparin. Monomeric form is required for full chemotactic activity and resistance to ischemia/reperfusion injury, whereas the dimeric form acts as a partial agonist of CXCR4, stimulating Ca2+ mobilization but with no chemotactic activity and instead acts as a selective antagonist that blocks chemotaxis induced by the monomeric form. Interacts with the N-terminus of ACKR3. Interacts with integrin subunit ITGB3 (via the allosteric site (site 2)). Interacts with TNFAIP6 (via Link domain)

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